We study these specific institutions, all of which were operated by the government, not by a private trust or religious group:

·  The Reformatory and Industrial School at Keone’ula (Kapālama), opened 1865 under Kamehameha V;

·  The Boys’ Industrial School at Waialeʻe (North Shore), opened 1903 under Territorial governor Sanford Dole;

·  The Girls’ Industrial School, opened first at the old Keoneʻula site in 1904, under Territorial governor George Carter; before it moved to a new campus in Mōʻiliʻili in 1913 under Territorial governor Walter Frear;

·  The Waimano Home for the Feeble-minded, opened in 1921, under Territorial governor Charles McCarthy;

·  The Maunawili / Kawailoa Training School for Girls, opened in 1928, under Territorial governor Wallace Farrington;

·  The Koʻolau Boys’ Home, opened in 1950, under Territorial governor Ingram Stainback; and later related forestry camps on Hawaiʻi island and Molokaʻi under Territorial governor Oren Long.

These institutions all differ from other schools in that children were generally sentenced to these institutions by a court upon being convicted of a crime. They stayed at the institution until the end of their sentence (usually at least 6 months or more; often for multiple years). Many official documents, including the U.S. Census in some eras, refer to the children at these institutions as “inmates,” rather than students.

We do not focus on other institutions and do not have the capacity to support other research projects, but hope some of the resources we share on our website are useful for all researchers of education and incarceration in Hawaiʻi.